Veröffentlicht am 30.01.2015
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The American Expeditionary Force Siberia (AEF Siberia) was a United States Army force that was involved in the Russian Civil War in Vladivostok, Russian Empire, during the end of World War I after the October Revolution, from 1918 to 1920.
President Woodrow Wilson's claimed objectives for sending troops to Siberia were as much diplomatic as they were military. One major reason was to rescue the 40,000 men of the Czechoslovak Legions, who were being held up by Bolshevik forces as they attempted to make their way along the Trans-Siberian Railroad to Vladivostok, and it was hoped, eventually to the Western Front. Another major reason was to protect the large quantities of military supplies and railroad rolling stock that the United States had sent to the Russian Far East in support of the prior Russian government's war efforts on the Eastern Front. Equally stressed by Wilson was the need to "steady any efforts at self-government or self defense in which the Russians themselves may be willing to accept assistance." At the time, Bolshevik forces controlled only small pockets in Siberia and Wilson wanted to make sure that neither Cossack marauders nor the Japanese military would take advantage of the unstable political environment along the strategic railroad line and in the resource-rich Siberian regions that straddled it.
Concurrently and for similar reasons, about 5,000 American soldiers were sent to Arkhangelsk (Archangel), Russia by Wilson as part of the separate Polar Bear Expedition.
The American Expeditionary Force Siberia was commanded by Major General William S. Graves and eventually totaled 7,950 officers and enlisted men. The AEF Siberia included the U.S. Army's 27th and 31st Infantry Regiments, plus large numbers of volunteers from the 12th Infantry Regiments, 13th, and 62nd Infantry Regiments of the 8th Division, Graves' former division command.
Although General Graves did not arrive in Siberia until September 4, 1918, the first 3,000 American troops disembarked in Vladivostok between August 15 and August 21, 1918. They were quickly assigned guard duty along segments of the railway between Vladivostok and Nikolsk-Ussuriski in the north.
Unlike his Allied counterparts, General Graves believed their mission in Siberia was to provide protection for American-supplied property and to help the Czechoslovak Legions evacuate Russia, and that it did not include fighting against the Bolsheviks. Repeatedly calling for restraint, Graves often clashed with commanders of British, French and Japanese forces, who also had troops in the region and who wanted him to take a more active part in the military intervention in siberia.
The experience in Siberia for the soldiers was miserable. Problems with fuel, ammunition, supplies and food were widespread. Horses accustomed to temperate climates were unable to function in sub-zero Russia. Water-cooled machine guns froze and became useless.
The last American soldiers left Siberia on April 1, 1920. During their 19 months in Siberia, 189 soldiers of the American Expeditionary Force Siberia died from all causes. As a comparison, the smaller American North Russia Expeditionary Force experienced 235 deaths from all causes during their 9 months of fighting near Arkhangelsk.
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The American Expeditionary Force Siberia (AEF Siberia) was a United States Army force that was involved in the Russian Civil War in Vladivostok, Russian Empire, during the end of World War I after the October Revolution, from 1918 to 1920.
President Woodrow Wilson's claimed objectives for sending troops to Siberia were as much diplomatic as they were military. One major reason was to rescue the 40,000 men of the Czechoslovak Legions, who were being held up by Bolshevik forces as they attempted to make their way along the Trans-Siberian Railroad to Vladivostok, and it was hoped, eventually to the Western Front. Another major reason was to protect the large quantities of military supplies and railroad rolling stock that the United States had sent to the Russian Far East in support of the prior Russian government's war efforts on the Eastern Front. Equally stressed by Wilson was the need to "steady any efforts at self-government or self defense in which the Russians themselves may be willing to accept assistance." At the time, Bolshevik forces controlled only small pockets in Siberia and Wilson wanted to make sure that neither Cossack marauders nor the Japanese military would take advantage of the unstable political environment along the strategic railroad line and in the resource-rich Siberian regions that straddled it.
Concurrently and for similar reasons, about 5,000 American soldiers were sent to Arkhangelsk (Archangel), Russia by Wilson as part of the separate Polar Bear Expedition.
The American Expeditionary Force Siberia was commanded by Major General William S. Graves and eventually totaled 7,950 officers and enlisted men. The AEF Siberia included the U.S. Army's 27th and 31st Infantry Regiments, plus large numbers of volunteers from the 12th Infantry Regiments, 13th, and 62nd Infantry Regiments of the 8th Division, Graves' former division command.
Although General Graves did not arrive in Siberia until September 4, 1918, the first 3,000 American troops disembarked in Vladivostok between August 15 and August 21, 1918. They were quickly assigned guard duty along segments of the railway between Vladivostok and Nikolsk-Ussuriski in the north.
Unlike his Allied counterparts, General Graves believed their mission in Siberia was to provide protection for American-supplied property and to help the Czechoslovak Legions evacuate Russia, and that it did not include fighting against the Bolsheviks. Repeatedly calling for restraint, Graves often clashed with commanders of British, French and Japanese forces, who also had troops in the region and who wanted him to take a more active part in the military intervention in siberia.
The experience in Siberia for the soldiers was miserable. Problems with fuel, ammunition, supplies and food were widespread. Horses accustomed to temperate climates were unable to function in sub-zero Russia. Water-cooled machine guns froze and became useless.
The last American soldiers left Siberia on April 1, 1920. During their 19 months in Siberia, 189 soldiers of the American Expeditionary Force Siberia died from all causes. As a comparison, the smaller American North Russia Expeditionary Force experienced 235 deaths from all causes during their 9 months of fighting near Arkhangelsk.
Spionageduell: Russland - USA Teil 1/3 - Amerika und die russische Revolution [44:15]
Veröffentlicht am 04.11.2013
Spionage- und Nachrichtendienstarbeit ist eines der populärsten Themen in der modernen Dokumentarfilmerstellung. Kanal "Russland" bietet Zuschauern eine Reihe von Dokumentarfilmen über die Arbeite von Geheimdiensten von zwei der größten Mächte in der Welt - Russsland und den USA. Bis zum Anfang des 1. Weltkrieges hatten die USA weder Nachrichten- noch Geheimdienste im eigentlichen Sinn. Die Revolution in Russland 1917 hatte die Karten im weltpolitischen Machtspiel neu gemischt. Der erste amerikanische Einwohner in der UdSSR war der Sohn einer russischen Adligen und eines griechischen Großhändlers Ksenofon Kalamatiano. Ludwig Martens, der erste Botschafter der UdSSR in den USA ging in die Geschichte des Geheimdienstes als "das transatlantische Debüt" ein. So begann der Antagonismus der Geheimdienst beider Weltmächte im 20. Jahrhundert.
Spionageduell: Russland - USA Teil 2/3 - Amerikaner und Sowjets [43:57]
Veröffentlicht am 04.11.2013
Ein weiterer Abschnitt der sowjetischen Geheimdienstarbeit war die Entwicklung der Atombombe und die Vermeidung einer zweiten Front im 2. Weltkrieg. Während die Kämpfe auf den Straßen nach Moskau wüteten, wurde ein Treffen zwischen dem Chef der Außenuntersuchung Pavel Fitin, dem Hauptmann in Amerika Oberst Vasily Zarubin und Stalin arrangiert. Es war dringend notwendig, Mittel und Wege zu finden eine gute Beziehung zwischen der UdSSR und den Vereinigten Staaten herzustellen. Gleichzeitig wollte man sich unbedingt davon vergewissern, dass die USA und England nicht im Stand gewesen wären, sich die Welt mit Deutschland zu teilen und gegen die UdSSR in den Krieg zu ziehen.
Spionageduell: Russland - USA Teil 3/3 - Der kalte Krieg [43:57]
Veröffentlicht am 05.11.2013
Gegenspionage- und Nachrichtendienstarbeit ist eines der populärsten Themen in der modernen Dokumentarfilmherstellung. Kanal "Russland" bietet Zuschauern eine Reihe von Dokumentarfilmen über die Arbeit von Geheimdiensten von zwei der größten Mächte in der Welt - Russland und die USA. Im Zeitalter des kaltem Krieges ist der sowjetisch-amerikanische Spion im "Duell" von Geheimdiensten ein klassisches Thema für Detektivromane. Bis zum Ende des Zweiten Weltkriegs hatte die UdSSR mehr als 250 Informationsquellen in den USA, sie war somit im Stande, fast in alle Regierungsabteilungen Amerikas zu kommen... Dieser abschließende Dokumentarfilm bietet dem Zuschauer ein Kaleidoskop von archivalischen Materialien und Lebenserinnerungen von Veteranen des CIA und der KGB. Tauchen sie ein in unbekannte Operationen der zwei Geheimdienste, mit ihren verwirrenden Erfolgen und skandalösen Misserfolgen.
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